HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF ISLAM SINCE ITS BIRTH TILL THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE

BY: SITI HUMAIRA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ (1007P74344) 

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) ERA 
622- Hijrah Muhammad and followers flee to Medina. Islamic calendar begins.

624- Muslims successfully attacked meccan Caravans ar Badr.

625- Muslims defeated by Meccan at Uhud.

630- Muslims captured mecca. Kaabah is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are islamicized and tribes of Arabia vowed allegience to Muhammad.

632- After the death of Muhammad PBUH, a series of four caliphs known as the righty guided succeeded. Under their command, the Arab armies carried the new faith from Arabia to the shores of the Mediterranian and to the eastern reaches of Iran.

CALIPH ABU BAKAR AS-SIQQIQ RULE

633- Muslim armies conquered the Fertile Cresent (Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia), North African Coasts, parts of Persian and also Byzantine empire.

CALIPH UTHMAN IBN AFFAN RULE

650- Caliph Uthman ibn Affan has the Quran written down.

656- Caliph Uthman ibn Affan is murdered. Ali ibn Ali Talib becomes the fourth and last caliph.

CALIPH ALI IBN ABI TALIB RULE

657- Battle of Siffin. Muawiya governor of Syria claims the caliphate.

659- Arbitration at Adruh is opposed by Ali's supporters.

661- Ali is murdered. During Muawiya's reign, the seat of Islamic power was transferred from the Arabian Peninsula to Syria. Under Muawiya's successors, the important hictoric city of Damascus was assigned as the new capital of the new caliphate that extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River. 

CALIPH ABDUL AL-MALIK IBN MARWAN RULE

691- The Dome of Rock was built by the Umayyad caliph Abdul al-Malik to Jerusalem, Palestine to commemorate Muhammad's ascension to Heaven. It is a monument that stands a top of the site where according to Muslims, the Prophet Muhammad PBUH ascended to heaven after his night journey.

CALIPH AL-WALID IBN ABDUL AL MALIK RULE

706- The great mosque of Damascus, where the site of the former Roman temple and fourth century Byzantine church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist (Yahya) was transformed into the congregational mosque of the Umayyad capital, Damascus.

CALIPH AL WALID 11 IBN YAZID 11 RULE

732- Umayyad caliphate reached its furthest extent. Battle of Tours (Balat ash-Shuhada) prevented Muslim's further advance northwards. 

CALIPH MARWAN 11 IBN MUHAMMAD RULE

745- Abbasid Revolts defeated the Umayyads.

750- Abu Abbas became the first caliph of the new Abbasid caliphate in Iraq.

754- The "city of peace" which is Madinat al-salam in Baghdad became the new capital of the Abbasid caliphate.